結構遇上歷程：
Ullman 夢覺知團體整合此時此地技術之行動研究
鄭伊婷1、羅家玲2
1拾月拾日心理治療所／諮商心理師
2國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系／教授
摘要
研究動機源於研究者在實務中發現，Ullman 夢覺知團體（Ullman, 1996/2007）雖提供安全的結構，但在實際帶領中，卻也因為結構，而錯失介入成員重演人際困擾平行歷程的佳機。原有結構過度依賴規則與任務導向，忽略歷程向度的治療價值。故本研究目的在於透過行動研究，探討將此時此地技術整合於 Ullman 夢覺知團體的具體策略，尋求結構性內容工作與歷程導向技術的綜效，並探究帶領者的反思與介入策略。研究問題聚焦於：第一，運用此時此地技術催化夢覺知團體的引導技術有哪些？；第二，運用此技術時，帶領者遭遇哪些實務挑戰及如何調整？本研究採單一個案嵌入設計（鈕文英，2021），並以行動研究（Whitehead & McNiff, 2016）為框架，透過「規劃—行動—觀察—反思」的螺旋循環，發展在地化的實務理論。研究分析團體逐字稿，並結合帶領者反思日誌，呈現此時此地技術的實際運作歷程。研究參與者包括：身兼團體帶領者的研究者、一名協同研究員（協助編碼分析）、八位經立意取樣與團體前面談篩選的成人成員，以及一名團體督導。此外，研究檢核依循 Yin（2018）的構念效度、內在效度、外在效度與信度標準，並遵循 Kitchener（1984）的五大倫理原則。
本研究結論為 Ullman 夢覺知團體（結構）與此時此地技術（歷程）具高度互補性。Ullman 模式提供安全的夢境素材容器，而此時此地技術則彌補其忽略當下人際動力的結構性限制。研究限制主要為單一個案設計的遷移性與研究者兼任領導者可能產生的偏誤，故協同研究與督導討論能保持研究的客觀。建議未來研究可採多案例或混合研究設計。實務上，建議帶領者採低、中、高強度漸進策略，在結構中整合歷程介入，並在此時此地技術所喚起情緒經驗後，應運用歷程闡釋以整合人際學習。
透過此行動與反思，可見結構與歷程技術的整合，能夠拓展與深化成員的人際議題，讓夢覺知團體展現另一番領導結構與風貌。
關鍵詞：此時此地技術、夢覺知團體、行動研究
When Structure Meets Process: An Action Research on Integrating Here-and-Now Interventions with Ullman's Dream Appreciating Group
Yi-Ting Cheng, Jia-Ling Luo
Abstract
This research is motivated by the observation that Ullman's (1996/2007) structured Dream Appreciating Group often misses opportunities to intervene in members' parallel process. The original rule-focused structure overlooks the therapeutic value of the process dimension. This action research, therefore, explores strategies for integrating here-and-now interventions into Ullman's group, seeking synergy between structure and process, and investigates the leader's reflections. The research questions are: (1) What guiding techniques catalyze the group using here-and-now interventions? (2) What practical challenges and adjustments does the leader face?This study uses a single-case embedded design (Niu, 2021) within an action research framework (Whitehead & McNiff, 2016), following a "planning, acting, observing, reflecting" cycle. Data included group transcripts and the leader's reflective journals. Participants were the researcher (as leader), a co-researcher, eight members (selected via purposive sampling and interviews), and a supervisor. The study's validation followed Yin's (2018) criteria (construct/internal/external validity, reliability) and Kitchener's (1984) ethical principles.
This study concludes that Ullman's structure and here-and-now (process) interventions are highly complementary. The Ullman model provides a safe container, while here-and-now techniques address its limitation of overlooking group dynamics. Limitations include the transferability of a single-case design and researcher bias (mitigated by a co-researcher and supervision). Future multi-case or mixed-methods research is suggested. Practically, leaders should use progressive (low to high intensity) interventions and apply process illumination to integrate learning after emotional experiences. This integration of structure and process expands members' interpersonal work, demonstrating a new leadership dynamic for the group.
Keywords：here-and-now interventions, dream appreciation group, Action Research
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