超人不會飛：ME的EMO，WE來HOLD──高年級兒童成長性團體對情緒調節的成效研究
李立倰1、陳潔瑩2
1國立暨南國際大學諮商心理與人力資源發展學系輔導與諮商碩士班
2東吳大學企業管理學系碩士班
摘要
一、研究目的及目標
在校園面對孩童的情緒問題，學者Saarni（1999）主張情緒調適能力應包括三個部分：情緒理解（understanding of emotion）、情緒表達（expression of emotion）及情緒調控（regulation of emotion）。兒童的生活情緒困擾，可透過REBT教導兒童面對挫折或壓力情境時合宜的思考與因應方式，練習駁斥自己錯誤認知思考，再透過家庭作業或其他行為介入，讓兒童改變其想法，因而改善其情緒及行為（王文秀等人，2014）。
本團體目標為：「檢視他人的行為對成員造成的情緒波動與影響」、「探索個人信念來覺察對重要他人的影響」、「透過信念重建活動，增進成員間能去賦能彼此，來給予支持與心理上的幫助」、「透過手作創作來鞏固適合自己的信念，促使成員彼此交流核心信念達到相互支持之效」。
二、研究設計
本研究使用準實驗法中的單組前、後測設計(one-group pretest posttest design)，進行無母數Wilcoxon符號等級檢定進行團體量化分析。研究參與者中部小學所招募5位小學高年級兒童五年級生、2位六年級生。研究者自2023年3月起至2023年6月止，開始每週一次，每次60分鐘的兒童團體諮商單元，共計12次兒童團體諮商，於每次團體單元結束後，透過錄影帶與觀察者、偕同帶領者進行討論約30~120分鐘。
本團體研究進行12次成長性團體的介入，並運用「兒童自我概念量表」與「國小高年級學童自我概念量表」及「團體活動滿意度問卷」來進行蒐集資料與前、後測分析，來評估高年級兒童的情緒調節的程度，了解量表上的得分和表現差異，以考驗成長性團體介入的成效。本研究自變項為高年級兒童成長性團體的介入，依變項為受試者在「量表」上的得分。
三、研究發現
本研究進行了12次的兒童團體諮商，發現到情緒自我的Z值為-.954(p>.340)，r效果量為-.36（中等效果量）；而內在情緒的Z值為-1.703，r效果量為-.643（接近大效果量）。顯示透過成長性團體諮商的介入，高年級孩童出現日常情緒狀態知覺的變動趨於穩定，對內在情緒狀態的評價與感受都有正面的回饋。
四、研究結論
詹棟樑（1994）認為6至12歲孩童處於幫團時期（gang age），喜歡加入團體，重視同儕間連結。故，兒童團體諮商十分重視屬於自己約定好且有吸引力的團體規範，其創造出互助、獨享的氛圍，讓彼此學會鼓勵、支持、賦能，提供安全感來發展適應性的人際、情緒功能，對缺乏安全感、歸屬感及自我概念缺乏的孩童而言，透過12次兒童諮商團體的介入，能有效建立正向回饋的能力，潛移默化的展現遷移學習之經驗是很重要的。
關鍵字：人際─心理動力非結構團體諮商、兒童團體諮商、高年級兒童、成長性團體、情緒調節
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屬於你的人生影展—給自己掌聲的時刻，以懷舊主題結合藝術創作之長者團體方案，協助肯定生命價值與自我統整之團體成效探究
林蕎芝
國立暨南國際大學諮商與輔導碩士班
壹、研究目的
臺灣推動高齡長者在熟悉社區中取得服務，並發展適合的團體模式完成在地老化，研究者嘗試進行社區服務據點實作，提供長者多元適切的深化服務，透過藝術創作與懷舊主題之團體方案介入，協助長者梳理生命經驗，達到參與即賦能，增進對自我生命價值之肯定與統整，亦提供社區據點服務模式的參考與創新。
貳、研究設計
研究對象為65歲以上，具生活自理能力之機構長者，採探索性、實地研究之立意取樣，邀請意願者6人，正式參與5人，研究為融合質性、量性之混合成效，量化採單組前後測準實驗法進行，團體方案介入每週一次，每次2小時，共6次之懷舊主題結合藝術媒材之長者團體。研究工具以未竟事務與自我統整量表、團體氣氛、團體過程問卷、家屬回饋單進行評估，於團體開始前兩週與團體結束後兩週進行未竟事務量表、自我統整量表之前後測，並於第三、六次團體填寫團體氣氛與團體過程問卷，質性評估以團體紀錄單及團體結束後兩週進行半結構式訪談補充長者生命意義與統整之變化，與量化結果對照。
參、研究發現
量表以全程參與之5人進行比較，團體氛氛量表於第三、六次團體結束後施測，如圖1、表一所示進行單組前後測比較，其SPSS檢定平均值差異為-1.25，p=.43<.05，達顯著差異，逃避、衝突未達顯著；未竟事務解決量表如圖2、表二所示以平均數表示前後測分數，其SPSS檢定t值為-4.57，p=.01<.05達顯著性，可知團體對長者未竟事務解決提升具追蹤效果，自我統整前後測比較未達顯著性。統整質性資料分析其未竟事務變化為親子、疾病與死亡議題之「憂傷」、「無價值感」情緒最顯著，歸納介入效果包含：(1)覺察自我(2)接觸情緒(3)嘗試轉變，自我統整變化其正向能力包含自愛、勇敢、彈性，歸納為(1)肯定自我(2)彈性界線(3)放下智慧與前進力量，家屬回饋單回收60%以「社交關係、相互支持、社會連結」為最重視。
肆、研究結論
本研究欲探討懷舊與藝術融合之團體方案介入，對長者肯定生命價值與自我統整之團體成效，團體氛圍以「投入」與「未竟事務解決能力」具顯著性，成員回饋於創作中「賦能」，並提升「覺察」與「嚐試轉變」，自我統整量表未具顯著，於訪談回饋中發現，主題宜對生死之正向概念引發情緒充分理解與體驗始能提升其效度，並納入家屬回饋之社會支持緩和憂傷情緒，亦能深入了解團員之個別性與主題之時間比例設計，期能作為長者團體類似研究或實作參考。
關鍵字:團體治療、懷舊治療、團體諮商
Research topic
The Film Festival of Your Life—Moments of Applause for Yourself: An Elderly Group Program Combining Nostalgia Themes and Artistic Media to Explore the Effects of Affirming Life Value and Self-Integration
Research Purpose
Taiwan promotes services for elderly individuals within familiar community settings, developing appropriate group models to achieve aging in place. The researcher implemented a practical community service initiative, providing diversified and appropriate services for the elderly. By integrating group programs with themes of nostalgia and artistic creation, the intervention assisted elderly individuals in organizing their life experiences, fostering empowerment through participation, enhancing affirmation of life value, and promoting self-integration. This study also offers references and innovations for community service models.
Research Design
The study targeted institutionalized elderly individuals over 65 years old who possess self-care abilities. An exploratory, field-based purposive sampling was employed, inviting six volunteers, with five completing the program. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Quantitatively, a one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. The intervention involved a weekly 2-hour session for six weeks, focusing on nostalgia themes combined with artistic media. The research tools included the Unfinished Business and Self-Integration Scales, Group Atmosphere and Group Process Questionnaires, and Family Feedback Forms. Pretest and posttest assessments using the Unfinished Business and Self-Integration Scales were conducted two weeks before the group sessions began and two weeks after they concluded. The Group Atmosphere and Group Process Questionnaires were completed during the third and sixth sessions. Qualitative evaluations were supplemented by group session records and semi-structured interviews conducted two weeks after the program, comparing changes in life meaning and integration with the quantitative results.
Research Findings
The scales were analyzed based on the five participants who completed the entire program. The Group Atmosphere Scale was assessed after the third and sixth sessions, as shown in Figure 1 and Table 1. The SPSS test revealed a significant mean difference of -1.25, p = .43 < .05, indicating significant differences, though avoidance and conflict were not significant. The Unfinished Business Resolution Scale, as shown in Figure 2 and Table 2, demonstrated significant improvement, with an SPSS t-value of -4.57, p = .01 < .05, suggesting that the group program effectively enhanced the resolution of unfinished business among the elderly, though no significant changes were observed in self-integration pretest-posttest comparisons. Qualitative analysis of unresolved issues highlighted "grief" and "worthlessness" as the most significant emotions related to parent-child relationships, illness, and death. The intervention's effects included (1) self-awareness, (2) emotional engagement, and (3) attempts at transformation. Positive changes in self-integration included self-love, courage, and resilience, summarized as (1) self-affirmation, (2) flexible boundaries, and (3) wisdom to let go and move forward. Family feedback, with a 60% return rate, emphasized "social relationships, mutual support, and social connections" as most valued.
Research Conclusion
This study aimed to explore the effects of a group program integrating nostalgia and art on affirming life value and self-integration among the elderly. Significant improvements were observed in group atmosphere, particularly in "engagement" and "unfinished business resolution." Participant feedback indicated empowerment through creative activities and enhanced "awareness" and "attempts at transformation." Although the Self-Integration Scale did not show significant changes, interview feedback suggested that themes involving positive concepts of life and death could enhance emotional understanding and experience, thereby improving effectiveness. Incorporating family feedback on social support to alleviate grief and better understanding individual differences and time proportion design for themes could serve as references for similar studies or practical applications in elderly group programs.
Keywords: Group Counseling、Group Therapy、Reminiscence Therapy、Group Counseling、Nostalgia Themes
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